List seven strategies for intervention and regulation adopted by culture management to align employee purpose with organizational purpose.

List seven strategies for intervention and regulation adopted by culture management to align employee purpose with organizational purpose.

1) Selection of staff-appear amendable to organizational values
2) Sacking those existing staff who are not amendable
3) Coupled with the cost cutting/economic benefit promised by CM (cultural management)
4) privatization of public sectors
5) Training, organizational exercises, company slogan, parades etc. that symbolizes organizational culture
6) CM stands against hierarchy-leading to erosion of seperate offices, different floors of building, differential access to parking, company cars....
7) Rituals and stories designed to tell how people feel about the organization

Describe the contextual factors that led to the rise of the academic study of organization culture and why it seemed to be the logical way forward at that time?

Describe the contextual factors that led to the rise of the academic study of organization culture and why it seemed to be the logical way forward at that time?

Late 60s and 70s - American dominant industrial economy was under threat from Japanese Companies (cars and consumer goods)


Japanese companies

1. More holistic approach that included attention to people's skills and management styles
2. Research was lacking human and emotional elements of organizational life
3. At the same time there was rise of HRT in organization theory
4. Those involved and influenced by the counter culture (hippie culture) were coming to positions of influence in organizations - taking forward the language of 60s protest movement
5. Talk about empowerment and harmony was very visible
6. Culture as a desirable alternative to both market mechanisms and bureaucracy for the control of organizations
7. Culture as a tool to en

From the Modernist, Symbolic, and Postmodernist perspectives, explain whether culture can be managed or not?

From the Modernist, Symbolic, and Postmodernist perspectives, explain whether culture can be managed or not?

Yes through Hoffstra's theories, but no through Thompson??? (modernist) Symbolic-culture is created in and influences interactions (strategy and identity). Postmodernism has a stricter view and says culture is a mechanism of control and power. It managers behavior and identities.

Modernist

› Yes Through hiring, socialization, training, rewarding appropriate behavior
› No Assumptions, values, and norms are too deeply grounded in routines and actions

Symbolic
› Culture is created in and influences interactions
(strategy and identity)
Postmodernism
› Culture is a mechanism of control and p

Summarize the Modernist view of organization culture.

Summarize the Modernist view of organization culture.

Modernist view of organization culture is studying the organizations characteristics and defines them through different levels of analysis. If it can be defined it can be controlled. Culture can/should be managed to increase organizational effectiveness. Culture can be studied at different levels
Culture is something that can be bounded and observed (objective)


We can identify the characteristics of culture, (values, norms, artifacts) that influence behavior
Organizational culture can be studied as a set or profile of characteristics that if effective can be
mimicked by other organizations Culture can/should be managed to increaseorganizational effectiveness

List Hofstede's five dimensions of culture and explain any two dimensions in detail including their impact on organizations.

List Hofstede's five dimensions of culture and explain any two dimensions in detail including their impact on organizations.

Organizational culture are subcultures of larger cultural systems


› Individualism v/s Collectivism
› Power distance
› Uncertainty avoidance
› Masculinity/femininity
› Time orientation (long vs short run)

Individualism versus collectivism involves the degree to which individuals in a culture are expected to act independently of others in their society

› Individualistic cultures Individual rights are paramount Relationships between members of individualistic cultures are loose and individuals are expected to take care of themselves
› Collective cultures Cohesive groups give individuals their sense of identity and belonging, demanding considerable loyalty in return.

Long‐term versus short‐term orientation describes cultural differences in predilections for thrift and perseverance as well as respect for tradition

› Long‐term orientation believe that hard work will lead to long‐term rewards
› Short‐term orientation face fewer challenges to change

Explain/define Organizational Culture. How do subcultures that are described as enhancing, orthogonal, counterculture, and silos differ from Organizational Culture?

Explain/define Organizational Culture. How do subcultures that are described as enhancing, orthogonal, counterculture, and silos differ from Organizational Culture?

Organizational culture is shared knowledge of members meaning is should inform, embed, shape, and account through routine or non-routine activities of the members that express through words and actions of members. Enhancing (subculture supports the cultures values, beliefs, norms, and expectations), orthogonal (independant of dominant subculture but not conflicting), counterculture (subculture challenges values, beliefs, norms, and expectations of the dominant subculture, and silos (strong organizational subcultures whose self containment makes collaboration between them difficult/impossible and lead to unproductive conflict).

Explain technological imperative. How do Woodward, Thompson, and Perrow differ on this imperative?

Explain technological imperative. How do Woodward, Thompson, and Perrow differ on this imperative?

Technological imperative means the technology that you choose for your organization will determine the structure you will use. Woodward: technical complexity(amount of control and coordination required by the technology in order to use it) affects structure, Thompson: Different types of technology effects organization structure and degree of interdependence on the transformation process, Perrow: The type of technology that should be used is based on the complexity or structure of the task or department.

Explain how technology can be used as a form of control in an organization using a Postmodernist perspective?

Explain how technology can be used as a form of control in an organization using a Postmodernist perspective?

Overt form of control: technological designs builds behavioral demands directly into production systems. Technology can discipline workers for example surveillance tapes, but this takes away truth and justice towards efficiency and rationality. Efficiency logic is often bolstered by the institutional myth that efficiency serves rationality (form of control). Knowledge becomes a commodity, only relevant if it can be translated into information. Power struggles will occur over the control of information. People are being monitored by cyberveillance. A means of greater democratic resistance.

Using Perrow's typology of how technology influences design, how will routine and non-routine technology affect the social structure of an organization?

Using Perrow's typology of how technology influences design, how will routine and non-routine technology affect the social structure of an organization?

Perrow's Typology: Low task variability means how many expectations you could come up with using technologies, more routine less exceptions. Basically if technologies are very complex and high task, there will be exceptions to rules because more could go wrong that need to be addresses that one overall idea cannot fix. If the technology is very routine there are not as many exceptions because there will be less problems. Routine technology is characterized by low variability and high analyzability. Technology decides what kind of structure should be applied. Routine technology will effect the social structure of an organization by reducing the importance of the relationship between coworkers, because the technology can work somewhat autonomously.

Explain the rise and acceptance of Management based on Modernist ideas.

Explain the rise and acceptance of Management based on Modernist ideas.

Modernist ideas established the fact that social organization is an arena for intervention and control. Management assumes a similar function of representation and interventions or organizations and organizational problems. Managers in particular are given the task of representation and intervention. Management provided more efficient ways of doing things, which gave it technical legitimacy. Management in terms of HRT made things more humane giving it the ideological legitimacy.

Explain five differences and/or similarities between "Human Relations Theory" and "Scientific Management"?

Explain five differences and/or similarities between "Human Relations Theory" and "Scientific Management"?

HRT is not an alternative to scientific management; it is an extension because they both aim for a way to control output and efficiency. HRT addresses the failures of SM, and provides solutions to problems caused by SM such as sabotage, poor quality, high staff turnovers, etc...Both aim for organizational control, SM is overt and HRT is covert form of organization control, HRT is about helping the workers rather than exploiting them. HRT addresses workers strengths and weaknesses as a whole person compared to SM.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of tall and flat organizations from the management/employee/customer perspectives?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of tall and flat organizations from the management/employee/customer perspectives?

Tall structures are vertical structures and flat structures are horizontal structures. Tall structures have a high chain of command, which allows room for promotions and advancement, while flat/horizontal structures do not. Tall structures are large and complex organizations which provide standardized products and services, however tall organizations have trouble dealing with specific problems due to their formalized nature, which can also effect customers.

Flat organizations can often provide better services and are more flexible to solving problems. However, the manager may often have to deal with significantly more tasks with little room for upward mobility amongst employees.

Describe the different stages that an organization goes through as stated in "Organizational Lifecycle Theory"

Describe the different stages that an organization goes through as stated in "Organizational Lifecycle Theory"

Entrepreneurial stage-is the starting phase of an organization and focuses on producing and selling the product but lack of leadership leads to leadership crisis. Leadership crisis is when growth brings changes to the organization and becomes more complex and leads to more oversight. This leads to collectivity stage, new management provides sense of direction and integrates branches through centralization but becomes overwhelming.

This leads to delegation stage, decentralized decision making solves the autonomy crisis but creates even stronger need to integrate. This leads to formalization stage, adds more control mechanism in order to integrate diverse activities leading to crisis of red tape. Application of formal rules and procedures in a universal and impersonal manner creating ineffective environment. This leads to collaboration stage, overcoming the red tape barrier and adopt a flexible versatile (simple) structure fostering teamwork and makes complex formal system simpler. Lastly the crisis of renewal, exhaustion of members in an organization due to a strong requirement for innovation and teamwork leading to new form or organization or its death.

Explain the contribution of "Contingency Theory" in general and list in full the boundary conditions that define Contingency Theory while studying organizational structure.

Explain the contribution of "Contingency Theory" in general and list in full the boundary conditions that define Contingency Theory while studying organizational structure.

Contribution

- To make us aware that there are many different ways to organize successfully.
› All organization theories have boundary conditions, each theory only applies to a subset of all organizations.

Boundary conditions

› In dynamic environments mechanistic forms of organizing are inappropriate
› Small organizations do not need formalization
› Non‐routine technologies and unstable environments undermine the effectiveness of mechanistic organizations - as under these conditions formal rules and procedures cannot cover all the possibilities and problems that arise.
› Large organizations that exist in stable environments and provide standardized services or products operate most efficiently when they use mechanistic forms
› As environments change, organizations need to change as well

Briefly explain the seven differences between mechanistic and organic structure.

Briefly explain the seven differences between mechanistic and organic structure.

The mechanistic structure is based on a more modernist perspective and includes a hierarchical structure of authority and control, high formalization (definition of roles, responsibilities, no change in job roles), centralized decision making (guys on top make decisions), standardization set of implemented rules, close supervision and present authorities, vertical communication (authority rules), and status oriented. While the organic structure is low formalization, decentralized decision making, high horizontal and vertical integration, tasks and responsibilities are redefined depending on the situation.

Discuss the "Symbolic-Interpretive" view of studying organization-environment relationships.

Discuss the "Symbolic-Interpretive" view of studying organization-environment relationships.

the environment is socially constructed in the interactions of members, features of the environment are created and enacted by organizational members, and they become objectified, seemingly real, and in turn influence behavior.

Summarize the modernist view of the environment.

Summarize the modernist view of the environment.

lies outside the boundary of the organization, provides the organization with resources and absorbs its products and services, imposes constraints upon and demands adaptation from the organization.

Explain "Resource Dependency Theory" and some strategies to manage those dependencies.

Explain "Resource Dependency Theory" and some strategies to manage those dependencies.

The analysis of interorganizational networks that allows managers to anticipate likely sources of influence from the environment outside of the organization. Strategies include vertical (buying supplier company) and horizontal (buying competition) integration. Developing personal relationships, establishing formal ties with other firms, lobbying, and marketing.

What are the legacies of "bureaucracy" and "scientific management"?

What are the legacies of "bureaucracy" and "scientific management"?

Enormous gain in productivity, jump started the industrial era, rise of the middle class, increase in materialistic pleasures, birth of the modern word (best means to goal), created foundation for modernist perspective

List the criticisms of "Taylorism."

List the criticisms of "Taylorism."

Braverman argued that scientific management should be understood in terms of its value to capitalist profit seeing motives and not as any kind of fairness. Human aspects were not taken into consideration.

Explain why one should study organizations as "ongoing processes" of organizing?

Explain why one should study organizations as "ongoing processes" of organizing?

Because organizations are constantly changing and in order for the organization to continue/prosper they need to constantly adjust to their environment.

Discuss the differences between the formal and informal aspects of organizations?

Discuss the differences between the formal and informal aspects of organizations?

Formal is previously determined rules and procedures, informal aspects are based on social interactions, relationships, which effect how organizations work

Discuss the concerns of bureaucratic dysfunction?

Discuss the concerns of bureaucratic dysfunction?

Goal displacement, lack of communication between sectors, rule by the few that favor those similar to them.

What characteristics define an ideal bureaucracy?

What characteristics define an ideal bureaucracy?

Hierarchy of authority, treating employee's and customers the same way, constantly adjusting rules of conduct, achieve through achieving, specialized division of labor, reaching goals efficiently, working to the best of your ability.

Explain how are knowledge and power entwined?

Explain how are knowledge and power entwined?

People who have power dictate the course of action in an organization, people gain power by obtaining knowledge.

Explain what is meant by the discursive practices and why one should be concerned about it?

Explain what is meant by the discursive practices and why one should be concerned about it?

Power gives legitimacy to create and regulate, it gives them 'good' knowledge. If somebody has too much knowledge (AKA power) they have much more of a say

What is the "modernist grand narrative" according to "postmodernism"?

What is the "modernist grand narrative" according to "postmodernism"?

We can find universal truths that hold true in every situation, it creates the same reality for everybody. Creates power hierarchy between power and knowledge.

Discuss the two key elements of "enactment theory".

Discuss the two key elements of "enactment theory".

(subjective-symbolic perspective) you make your environments real by enacting them. Organizations are real because we make them real into our actions.

Explain the mechanism through which "social construction" operates.

Explain the mechanism through which "social construction" operates.

Operates through externalization, objectification, and internalization. Externalization identifies an idea, objectification is realizes the idea and makes it into an object, and internalization is understanding that it is real.

Explain the difference between "General Systems Theory" and "Socio-Technical Systems Theory."

Explain the difference between "General Systems Theory" and "Socio-Technical Systems Theory."

General systems theory is more law-like and more regulated, while socio technical systems theory includes human behavior in the system.

Explain the "enlightenment philosophy".

Explain the "enlightenment philosophy".

We replaced any superstitions with rational reasoning, knowledge, and truth to explain the world rather than accepting the traditional line of authorities.

Discuss Taylor's approach and assumptions to maximize worker productivity? He believed that workers are naturally lazy and are only motivated by money. He broke down labor into precise time management to maximize efficiency. He was wrong, he did not account for humanistic factors; all people are different.

Discuss Taylor's approach and assumptions to maximize worker productivity?

He believed that workers are naturally lazy and are only motivated by money. He broke down labor into precise time management to maximize efficiency. He was wrong, he did not account for humanistic factors; all people are different.

Explain how "formal rationality" is different from "substantive rationality"?

Explain how "formal rationality" is different from "substantive rationality"?

They are different because formal rationality is taking rational steps to accomplish a goal (the steps) and Substantive rationality focuses on the goal itself not the steps.

What does Max Weber mean by bureaucratization of social order or the Iron Cage analogy?

What does Max Weber mean by bureaucratization of social order or the Iron Cage analogy?

When you divide up organizations into sectors that are very formally structured it essentially puts them into an iron cage which limits growth and individual freedoms.

How can capitalism give rise to social conflict according to Marx?

How can capitalism give rise to social conflict according to Marx?

Capitalism promotes division of labor which alienates laborers and creates classes, which leads to hierarchies and less claim to profit of laborers creating a social conflict.

Explain and discuss the postmodern perspective in OT?

Explain and discuss the postmodern perspective in OT?

Questions the modernist view's on organizations in effort to acknowledge that there is not an ultimate principle. Ontology nothing exists, cannot define reality. Epistemology truth is an empty concept because knowledge is based on experiences.

Modernist Perspective vs Symbolic Perspective in terms of ontology, epistemology, and their views on organizations.

Modernist Perspective vs Symbolic Perspective in terms of ontology, epistemology, and their views on organizations.

Modernist perspective is the idea that there's one overruling view towards different parts of an organization, while symbolic perspective states that organizations are different by nature and are constantly changing through experiences so there can no be one overruling view. Symbolic=subjective and interpretive, modernist=objective and positive

How are theories, concepts, and phenomena of interest are linked?

How are theories, concepts, and phenomena of interest are linked?

POI basing something on a , which form concepts around it, and from the concepts you develop an explanation from the POI

Two qualities of a good theory
1) Efficiency using the fewest resources to explain the POI
2) Generalizibility because it is a more broad or general theory that explains a wider range of findings.

What are the two types of Ontology
Objectivism: it will happen no matter what we think, that there is an objective to our existence
Subjectivism: knowledge of the world exists through our experiences and if we give meaning to them

Two types of Epistemology
Positivist: what we define as knowledge based on findings
Interpretivist: assumes that knowledge can be understood through experiences

Why do we need to understand different perspectives in organizational theory?

Why do we need to understand different perspectives in organizational theory?

To get a deeper understanding on anything within an organization by understanding multiple perspectives and helps the organization become more well rounded and active because everything is always changing.

Key elements of organizational design?

Key elements of organizational design?

How an organizational element/factor have an effect on performance, design organizational structures and systems that respond to needs effectively and efficiently, management constantly changing environments to deal with problems, creating more responsible organizations, creating an environment where members are motivated and valued

What is organizational design?

What is organizational design?

Understanding what is happening within and outside your organization to operate efficiently and be competitive.

Why is organization theory important?

Why is organization theory important?

Understands what an organization is and how it functions. It is needed to help diagnose problems as well as designing and running effective organization practices.

How are ethics reflected in the laws?

How are ethics reflected in the laws?

Because the US legal system is grounded on maturity rule the laws are judged to be right or good when they affect the majority of the people positively and vice versa. The government which is empowered by the US Constitution six to ensure that the federal law making props u The government which is empowered by the US Constitution six to ensure that the federal law making process provides the greatest good for the greatest number of people. However the constitution also seeks to protect my Nordie's that might be taken advantage of by the wrong actions of the majority. This is affected by the rights established in first 10 amendments to the constitution. This protection of basic human rights established in the Bill of Rights and other civil rights laws reflects the ethical basis of rules.

How does the majority rule principal demonstrate consequences based reasoning in our laws

How does the majority rule principal demonstrate consequences based reasoning in our laws

When laws are made to protect the rights of the majority the greatest number of people benefit which is the basis of consequences based reasoning

Why do the two forms of ethical reasoning usually result in the same decision and what is the probable cause when they do not

Why do the two forms of ethical reasoning usually result in the same decision and what is the probable cause when they do not

Both forms assume that human beings have dignity and worth however when the decisions differ it may be because not all consequences were correctly foreseen or impartiality was not used in evaluating consequences

What powers to the courts have one personal or private property is damaged or destroyed

What powers to the courts have one personal or private property is damaged or destroyed

Compel specific actions such as paying damages or issue an junction to prohibit something from being done

How are constitutional, statutory, case, and administrative laws created?

How are constitutional, statutory, case, and administrative laws created?

The adoption or amendment of a constitution creates constitutional laws. Legislatures and local governments through authority granted by constitutions enact statutory laws. administrative laws are created by agencies of the federal, state, and local governments within the authority granted by legislatures.

How can a single act violate more than one kind of law, such as both civil law and criminal law? Give an example.

How can a single act violate more than one kind of law, such as both civil law and criminal law? Give an example.

A single act may be both an offense against society and a violation of private legal rights of an individual. For example, a drunk driver who wrecks someone else's car has violated both a criminal law by driving while intoxicated and a civil law by damaging the property of another.

What determines whether a particular law, statute, ordinance, or regulation is valid?

What determines whether a particular law, statute, ordinance, or regulation is valid?

Any federal, state, or local statute, case law, or administrative decision is not valid if it conflicts with the federal Constitution.

How is power allocated between federal, state, and local governments?

How is power allocated between federal, state, and local governments?

The federal Constitution delegates powers between the federal and state governments. State governments grant some legislative authority to local governments. In addition, state and federal constitutions allocate governmental powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the governments.